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Background
Mental health problems among children at preschool age are a common issue across the world. As shown in literature, a caregiver’s parenting style can play a critical role in child development. This study aims to examine the associations between a caregiver’s parenting style and the mental health problems (or not) of their child when he/she is at preschool age in rural China.

Methods
Participants were children, aged 49 to 65 months, and their primary caregivers. The primary caregivers of the sample children completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, Short Version, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and a questionnaire that elicited their socio-demographic characteristics. The level of cognitive development of each sample child was assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition. Pearson correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, and multivariable regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Results
The prevalence of mental health problems among sample children at preschool age was high (31.6%). If a caregiver practices an authoritative parenting style, it was found to be negatively associated with the mental health problems of their child. In contrast, a caregiver’s authoritarian parenting style was positively associated with the mental health problems of their child. Compared to those in a subgroup of primary caregivers that used a combination of low authoritative and low authoritarian parenting style, primary caregivers that used a combination of high authoritarian and low authoritative or a combination of high authoritative and high authoritarian were found to have positive association with child health problems. A number of demographic characteristics were found to be associated with the adoption of different parenting styles.

Conclusion
Different parenting styles (including authoritative, authoritarian, and combination of authoritative and authoritarian) of the sample caregivers had different associations with the mental health problems of the sample children. Parenting programs that aim to improve the parenting styles (favoring authoritative parenting styles) should be promoted in an effort to improve the status of child mental health in rural China.

Journal Publisher
BMC Psychiatry
Authors
Scott Rozelle
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Working Papers
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This study examines the level and equity of household education spending in China using representative microdata. The findings reveal that education expenditure constitutes a substantial portion of household income, averaging around 17.1%. Moreover, there is an inverse relationship between household income and the fraction of income spent on education, with the top quartile spending 10.6% of their income on education, while the bottom quartile spends a staggering 56.8%. Regression analysis indicates an income elasticity of 0.306, implying that education is a necessity good in China. These results underscore the excessive financial burden imposed by education expenditure, particularly on families in the lower income bracket. To promote equal opportunities and achieve broad, long-term economic benefits, it is imperative to implement new public policies in China that improve the affordability of education for a broader segment of the population.

Journal Publisher
SSRN Working Paper
Authors
Hongbin Li
Lingsheng Meng
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The Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions is delighted to present a keynote address by U.S.-China Business Council president Craig Allen, who will be speaking on Shenzhen and Silicon Valley – The Competition for Technology Leadership. The event will begin with a lecture by Craig Allen and conclude with a Q&A session moderated by Hongbin Li, Co-Director of Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions and the James Liang Endowed Chair at Stanford University.  

Since the May 4th Movement of 1919, China has been dedicated to advancing science and technology as the primary driver of national development. The current leadership of China is intensely focused on developing the “new productive forces” associated with innovation. China’s 2024 government budget increases spending on R&D by 10 percent, with an emphasis on self-sufficiency and corporate innovation. The Chinese government also currently deploys a vast pallet of incentives and industrial policies to advance the country’s innovation – often at the expense of foreigners. Its policies and vision have already changed the global innovation ecosystem in profound ways. In the future, Chinese individuals and companies will play a yet larger role in the global scientific and technological advancement. What role does innovation play in China’s development model, and how does it differ from innovation in the West? What does “digital Leninism” mean, and is it effective in practice? Why are the Chinese leading in numerous scientific fields, and where does China struggle? What are the rules of the road for either US-China technology cooperation or competition, and are the rules enforceable? How do we enjoy the benefits of S&T cooperation with China, while minimizing the risks of S&T inter-dependency or over-dependency?  


Watch the Recorded Event

About the Speaker 
 

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craig allen

In 2018, Craig Allen began his tenure as the president of the US-China Business Council (USCBC), a private, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization representing over 270 American companies doing business with China. Prior to joining USCBC, Allen had a career in US public service. Allen began his government career in 1985 at the Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration (ITA) where he served as an international economist in ITA’s China Office. He served as the Senior Commercial Officer at the US Embassy in Beijing in 2002 where he was later promoted to the rank of Minister Counselor of the Senior Foreign Service. Allen then became Deputy Assistant Secretary for Asia at the US Department of Commerce’s ITA and later became Deputy Assistant Secretary for China. Allen was sworn in as the United States Ambassador to Brunei Darussalam in 2014. He served there until 2018, when he transitioned to President of the US-China Business Council. Allen received a B.A. from the University of Michigan in Political Science and Asian Studies in 1979. He received a Master of Science in Foreign Service from Georgetown University in 1985.


In Person: Koret Taube Conference Center, John A. & Cynthia Fry Gunn Building (366 Galvez Street, Stanford)
Online: Via Livestream

Craig Allen, President, US-China Business Council
Lectures
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Despite rapid economic growth in China since 1978, rural-urban inequality has widened. High levels of socioeconomic inequality can have profound implications for child development and lifelong educational equity. Using a dataset containing early childhood development (ECD) outcomes of 0- to 3-year-olds (N = 9,053) from study sites in Eastern, Central, and Western China, the study finds that the risks of cognitive, language, and motor delay are, respectively, 43.2, 18.3, and 20.7 percentage points higher in rural study sites than in urban Shanghai (ps < .01). Impact evaluation of cluster-randomized experiments shows that parental training (focusing on child psychosocial stimulation and caregiver-child interaction) can improve parenting beliefs and practices (or investments) and ECD outcomes of disadvantaged rural children (p < .01). Such programs can play an important role in advancing progress toward more social equality and economic equity, the stated goals of China’s “Common Prosperity” policy.
 

Keywords: early childhood development, Common Prosperity, rural-urban inequality, intergenerational transmission of disadvantage, parental training, parenting beliefs and practices

Authors
Scott Rozelle
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Given the size of the problem and the scientific evidence that timely intervention can improve long-term outcomes, an important question is how to best scale-up early childhood development (ECD) interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A key component of the solution is financing. However, there has been little research on the question of whether cost-sharing models can equitably and sustainably finance ECD programs at scale in LMICs. We built parenting centers in two rural communities of Western China to teach caregivers how to stimulate child development through fun and interactive activities. We used the Becker-Degroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism to elicit the household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a one-month pass to the parenting centers. The results of the BDM suggest that a cost-sharing model would not be suitable for China's rural population at least in the short-run. Demand was found to be highly elastic. In addition, we found limited evidence of selection effects. We also found no evidence of sunk-cost effects.

Journal Publisher
China Economic Review
Authors
Scott Rozelle
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Censorship Outside the Great Firewall: Flooding X/Twitter with Pornography for Political Suppression


Speaker: Tongtong Zhang, Postdoctoral Research Scholar, Stanford Internet Observatory

How do authoritarian rulers suppress criticism on social media platforms which they cannot directly control? In this paper, we find that off-putting pornographic content is disproportionately inundating the X/Twitter accounts of critics of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) regime. We assess the possibility that the regime strategically uses this explicit content to discourage people from accessing information it wishes to suppress. Using an original dataset of 142 randomly sampled Chinese-language pornography accounts on X/Twitter, we show that during fall 2023, these accounts acted in a coordinated network to post waves of explicit images and videos as tweet replies to CCP critics. Some anti-CCP media accounts (less than 1 million followers) receive over 1,000 pornographic comments within a week, whereas pro-CCP media (over 10 million followers) receive fewer than 4 such comments a week. When a tweet is opened or shared, this explicit content appears directly beneath the text, which likely discourages users from reading or sharing the targeted tweets. While previous research has established that the CCP regime crowds out criticism by flooding domestic platforms with positive and cheerleading messages, our findings suggest that on platforms that operate beyond its borders, the regime may use censorship strategies that are domestically illegal—spamming explicit content to create strategic distraction.
 


About the Workshops


The SCCEI Young Researcher Workshops are a bi-weekly series of presentations from scholars around campus who are working on issues related to China’s economy and institutions. The aim of the series is to bring together young scholars by providing a platform to present new research, get feedback, exchange ideas, and make connections. Each session features a single presenter who may present a new research plan, share results from preliminary data analyses, or do a trial run of a job talk or conference presentation. The Workshop Series is an opportunity to give and receive feedback on existing research, get to know other researchers around campus who are working on or in China, and be a testing ground for new ideas, data, and presentations.

Workshops are held every other Thursday from 1 - 2 pm. Afternoon refreshments will be provided! 

Visit the Young Researcher Workshops webpage for more information on the content and format of the series and to learn how to sign up to present. 

Goldman Room, Encina Hall, E409

Tongtong Zhang, Postdoctoral Research Scholar, Stanford Internet Observatory
Workshops
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Research in China: A Practical Guide



Thursday, March 14, 2024 | 2:00 pm -3:20 pm Pacific Time
Goldman Room E409
Encina Hall East, Stanford University
 


Need help demystifying how to plan for a project in China?

Join SCCEI for a panel discussion with representatives from key University administrative offices, including:


Panelists will share insights on the review and approval process for in-China social science research projects at Stanford. The event will educate students and faculty about what to expect in terms of both process and timeline and provide an opportunity for a robust question and answer session with campus experts.

As you register, be sure to share any questions or topics you are hoping will be covered during the discussion. 


Goldman Room, E409
Encina Hall East
616 Jane Stanford Way

Panel Discussions
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2024 SCCEI China Conference on China's Economic Prospects May 3-4, 2024

Co-sponsored by Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions
and Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research
 

Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institution's (SCCEI) inaugural conference examines the key challenges and opportunities facing China’s economy today. Expert panelists from Stanford and from around the world will explore China’s growth potential; U.S. and European business and technology policies toward China; the CCP and China’s political economy; the interrelationship of human capital, labor market, and economic growth; and the lessons of the Soviet Union for China.

The conference consists of two parts:

Closed-door Conference
Friday, May 3 (9:00am - 3:30pm) 
Saturday, May 4 (8:30am - 12:30pm)

Public Keynote Address
Friday, May 3 (4pm - 5pm)


*Schedule is subject to change

Location: 

Koret Taube Conference Center
John A. & Cynthia Fry Gunn Building (SIEPR)
336 Galvez Street, Stanford University



9:00 AM - 9:30 AM  Registration & Light Breakfast

9:30 AM - 9:45 AM  Welcome & Opening Remarks


Hongbin Li 
Faculty Co-director of the Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions 
The James Liang Endowed Chair; Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research
Stanford University

Scott Rozelle 
Faculty Co-director of the Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions
Helen F. Farnsworth Endowed Professorship; Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research
Stanford University


9:45 AM - 11:15 AM  Session 1: China's Growth Potential


Session Panelists:
Loren Brandt
Noranda Chair Professor of Economics, University of Toronto
Research fellow at the IZA (The Institute for the Study of Labor)

Chang-Tai Hsieh
Phyllis and Irwin Winkelried Distinguished Service Professor of Economics; PCL Faculty Scholar
University of Chicago

Barry Naughton
So Kwan Lok Chair of Chinese International Affairs 
University of California, San Diego

Wei Xiong
John H. Scully '66 Professor in Finance; Professor of Economics
Princeton University

Moderator:
Xueguang Zhou
Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in Economic Development; Professor of Sociology
Senior Fellow at Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
Stanford University
 

11:30 AM - 12:15 PM  Lunch
 
12:15 PM - 1:45 PM  Session 2: U.S. and European Business and Technology Policies Toward China


Session Panelists:
Craig Allen
President, U.S.-China Business Council

Agatha Kratz 
Director, Rhodium Group

Jörg Wuttke
Vice President, Chief Representative, China BASF Company Ltd.
Former President of European Union Chamber of Commerce in China

Kevin Xu
Founder and Author, Interconnected

Moderator:
Zhiguo He
James Irvin Miller Professor of Finance
Stanford University
 

1:45 PM - 2:00 PM  Break

2:00 PM - 3:30 PM  Session 3: Institutional Analysis of the CCP and its Implications for China’s Economic Prospects


Session Panelists:
Minxin Pei
Tom and Margot Pritzker '72 Professor of Government; George R. Roberts Fellow
Claremont McKenna College

Yuhua Wang
Professor of Government
Harvard University

David Yang, Harvard University
Professor, Department of Economics
Harvard University

Moderator:
Chenggang Xu
Senior Research Scholar, Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions
Visiting Fellow, Hoover Institution
Stanford University
 

3:30 PM - 4:00 PM  Break

4:00 PM – 5:00PM  Public Keynote Address: Shenzhen and Silicon Valley – The Competition for Technology Leadership


Keynote Speaker
Craig Allen
President, U.S.-China Business Council

See Event Page for more details.




Questions? Contact scceichinaconference@stanford.edu 

 


Koret Taube Conference Center
John A. & Cynthia Fry Gunn Building (SIEPR)
366 Galvez Street, Stanford University

This event is by invitation only.

Conferences
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This paper studies the unintended effect of English language requirement on educational inequality by investigating how the staggered rollout of English listening tests in China’s high-stakes National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) affected the rural–urban gap in college access. Leveraging administrative data covering the universe of NCEE participants between 1999 and 2003, we find that the introduction of English listening tests significantly lowered rural students’ exam score percentile ranks relative to their urban counterparts, resulting in a 30% increase in the rural–urban gap in college access. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that, as a result of this policy change, more than 54,000 rural students lost college seats to their urban peers between 1999 and 2003, and another 11,000 rural students who elite colleges could have admitted ended up in non-elite colleges, causing them significant future income losses.

Journal Publisher
Journal of Development Economics
Authors
Hongbin Li
Lingsheng Meng
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Objectives
Patient satisfaction is an essential indicator of the doctor-patient relationship. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between primary care quality and patient satisfaction for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in rural western China.

Methods
The study utilized the standardized patients (SPs) approach to present typical symptoms of unstable angina and diabetes to rural healthcare providers. After the consultations, the SPs completed a satisfaction survey. Ordinary least squares and quantile regression were used to examine the association between quality of primary care and patient satisfaction.

Results
We examined 178 anonymous SPs visits. The results showed that higher process quality for angina SPs was correlated with stronger satisfaction for provider ability at a low quantile of ability satisfaction. For diabetes SPs, higher process quality increased overall satisfaction at a low quantile of overall satisfaction, whereas a correct diagnosis significantly contributed to communication satisfaction at a high quantile of communication satisfaction.

Conclusions
The study found positive associations between process and diagnosis quality and SPs satisfaction. Notably, the influence of process quality was most significant among patients with lower satisfaction levels.

Journal Publisher
Patient Education and Counseling
Authors
Scott Rozelle
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